Age Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Age Discrimination - Essay Example Age discrimination is discrimination based on the age related factors. It has been a problem for the whole world from the centuries. It can be direct or indirect. There are many laws and regulations have been established to prevent the age discrimination but there is still need a lot to be done to overcome this problem.This system is used by many UK based law firms. The system is also a cause of brain draining since there are many older workers who do not want to leave their jobs and are still capable of doing tasks perfectly. Thus, the prevalent system is considered a major cause of age discrimination.The new legislation will be implemented from 1st October 2006; the new system can help organizations and people in reducing the age discrimination. The compulsory retirement ages that are different from the legal standard of 65 will become unlawful or be expired under the upcoming legislation."The Government consulted on proposals to legislate on age discrimination in "Coming of Age". The consultation ended on 17 October. Subject to Parliamentary approval the legislation will come into force on 1 October 2006.remove the upper age limit for unfair dismissal and redundancy rights, giving older workers the same rights to claim unfair dismissal or receive a redundancy payment as younger workers, unless there is a genuine retirementToday, employers need to recruit older workers than younger workers. An older worker means a worker of over 50 years of age. There are currently around 20 million people who are 50 and over alone in the U.K. It is estimated that this figure will reach 27 million by 2030. The government is also consulting on the introduction of the default retirement age (65); with the help of it, the older employees will have a right to request to work over the specified age bracket. What Experts Say According to the department of trade and industry experts, to compliance with the new legislation, partnerships will also be obliged - partnerships are currently affecting with the present legislation. Impact of New Legislation Once the law is implemented, one thing is certain that it will be unlawful to make decisions or policies about partners which are based on the age related factors. On the other hand, there might be chances of starting indirect discrimination since partners will be bound to follow the rules and not to discriminate other partners on the basis of their ages. What Will Be Covered In Legislation -Example "An 18-year-old employee has left his employer, and asks for a job reference. The employer refuses to provide this, stating that employees under the age of 20 will not receive job references because they have built up insufficient length of service to allow for a meaningful

Aristotle - Essay 7 Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Essay 7 Essay One of the greatest thinkers of all time was Aristotle-322 BC, the Ancient Greek philosopher. He has practically influenced every area of present day thinking. His main focal points were the natural and social sciences. In Stagira, a town on the northwest coast of the Aegean Sea, in the year of 384 BC Aristotle was introduced to the world. He grew up a wealthy boy. His father was friends with the noble king of Macedonia, and as a young man he spent the majority of his time at the Macedonian court. At the age of seventeen, he was sent away to study in Athens. It was there that he transformed to a disciple of Plato. Over time, Aristotle became the mind of the school. Later in his life, he followed his mentor and became a teacher in a school on the coast of Asia minor. Aristotle was the professor of young prince Alexander, who went on to become the ruler Alexander the Great. Aristotle was the first known person to make major advances in the fields of logic, physical works( such as physics, meteorologists, etc .) ,  psychological works, and natural history( modern day biology). His most famous studies are in the field of philosophical works. His studies play an important role in the early history of chemistry. Aristotle was the first person to propose the idea of atoms matter and other grand ideas. Aristotle made the first major advances in the field of philosophy of nature. He saw the universe as lying between two scales: form without matter and is at one end and matter without form is at the other end. One the most important aspetc  s of Aristotles philosophy was the development of potentiality to actuality. That can be explained as something possibility in terms of its accuracy. The actual state compare to the potential state is demonstrated in terms of the causes which act on things. The four causes include material cause, efficient cause, formal cause, and final cause. First the material cause is also defined as the elements out of which matter is created. The way in which matter is created is known as efficient cause. Formal cause is called  the expression of what the material actually is . The last cause, appropriately named final cause, is for the end of the substance. An example, actual compared to potential, can be as simple as bronze statue. The material cause is plainly the bronze. Its efficient cause is the sculptor . The formal cause is the idea of the statue, as the sculptor envisions it . The final cause is the perfetc  ion of the statue . These four  stages of creation through termination exist throughout nature. Aristotles vision of early chemistry created a strong foundation for the chemists of today. Works Cited Aristotle (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). (Online) Available http://utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl/htm Aristotles Page. (Online) Available http://eng.ox.ac.uk/jdr/aristo/html Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia. 1995 Comptons NewMedia, Inc.

Demographic Profile of Diabetic Patients

Demographic Profile of Diabetic Patients INTRODUCTION Background of the Study In the last few decades, the world prevalence of diabetes among adults have increased more than twice, and expected to ascend to 380 million by 2030, according to a report from the InternationalDiabetes Institute.1 About 3.4 million, roughly 4.6 percent of the total population in the Philippines are diabetics. This figure is expected to rise to 7.8 million in the next 15 years.2 Despite such high incidence, awareness on diabetes, its complications and treatment remain major challenges, particularly in developing countries such as the Philippines. Prevention through patient education is imperative because the burden of disease on healthcare and its economic implications are of great magnitude. There is a significant amount of evidence that patient education is one of the most effective way to lessen the complications of diabetes. 3,4,5,6 When coupled with appropriate medications, it is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality.3 Patient education is more likely to be effective if we know the characteristic of the patients in terms of what they know about their disease, their attitude towards it and what they practice in their medications, diet and lifestyle. Very few studies has been made on our country to find the prevailing awareness, attitudes and practices among diabetic patients, 7,8,9 which can aid in the development of future health education interventions targeting the disease. In this study, we will determine the demographic characteristics of diabetic patients consulting at the Diabetes Clinic of a tertiary hospital in Davao City and assess their level of knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and the relationship of KAP and glycemic control among type 2 diabetic patients in an urban health care facility. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In the Philippines, the prevalence of diabetes according to the NNHES (National Nutrition Health Survey) study is approximately 4.6-7.2%. This figure expands to 17.8% after adding those who have pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance or both) which has a prevalence of 10.6%. 2Therefore, one out of every 5 Filipino could potentially have diabetes mellitus or pre-diabetes. As such, the increasing trend of its incidence rate is causing alarm among medical practitioners, and among affected patients as well. In the context of an alarming increase in the magnitude of type 2 diabetes mellitus in our country, the prevailing knowledge, attitudes and practices of these diabetic patients assume immense importance in the control of the disease. Across the globe, a number of studies have been done about perception and practice of diabetic patients10-14, especially in third world countries. An Indian study made by Mukhopadhyay, et al 2010, looked into the perceptions and practices of patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II in a tertiary hospital.11 In the Philippines, a similar study was done in the rural community of San Juan, Batangas, Philippines. A total of 156 diabetic residents were included as participants of the survey. Knowledge scores were relatively low, with an overall mean of 43%. There were also poor positive responses to attitude scale. The study emphasized the importance of evaluating knowledge, attitudes and practices as crucial means to understand observed behaviors and guide behavioral change.7 According to the American Diabetic Association, self management education is defined as the process of providing the person with diabetes the knowledge and skill that is needed to perform self care, manage immediate concerns and make life style changes. 3 To achieve such effective self care, diabetic patients and their doctors should work hand-in-hand together. Some studies have shown that self-care among individuals with type 2 diabetes had improved glycemic control and reduced complications 15, 16, 17. For people with diabetes, self-management education training is vital since diabetics and their families provide most of their care themselves. It is imperative that regular patient counseling and group education at follow-up visits by health care professionals to help in improving patients’ knowledge and ultimately modify their practices. 19 However, in our setting, adequate diabetes self-management education programs are lacking or weak in most government hospitals in tertiary care. Hence, results of this study could help us design our education programs targeting certain groups or issues that needs further strengthening. Research Question What is the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices and its association with glycemic control among persons with type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Clinic of Southern Phiilppines Medical Center? Significance of the Study The study will contribute to the understanding of the current status of diabetes care in our local setting, and help in the implementation of programs that would address pressing needs in our patient education and management, based on their knowledge, attitude and practices. It will also help us identify the association of KAP and glycemic control, and further assess the impact of diabetes self-management in disease control. Objectives: General Objective: 1. To determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of patients with type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes clinic of a tertiary hospital. Specific Objectives: To determine the demographic profile of the diabetic patients in the Diabetic clinic of a tertiary hospital in Davao City, in terms of : Age Gender Highest level of educational attainment Employment status Duration of diabetes Antidiabetic medications Co-morbidities To determine the association between patient factors such as age, sex, level of education, employment status, duration of diabetes, antidiabetic medications and co-morbidities and their level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding diabetes To establish the association between the patients’ KAP and their corresponding glycemic control based on HBA1c levels METHODOLOGY Research Design: The study will employ a clinic-based, cross-sectional analytic study design. Research Setting: This study will be conducted at the Diabetes outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Davao City, from May 2014 to June 2014. Participants: All patients who are diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (T2 DM) who are seeking consult at the Diabetes Clinic in a tertiary hospital for the period of May to June 2014. Inclusion Criteria: Patients must be a diagnosed case of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 based on the following criteria: Plasma glucose > 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) after an overnight fast Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hours up to a maximum of 14 hours, or Two-hour plasma glucose > 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test The test should be performed as described by the World Health Organization, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water after an overnight fast of between 8 and 14 hours, or A random plasma glucose > 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) in a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (weight loss, polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia) or with signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemic crisis. Patient must have informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: Patients who does not meet the criteria for T2 DM but are seeking consult at the Diabetes clinic: Impaired fasting glycemia and Impaired glucose intolerance. Patients who have intellect impairment and could not participate in the survey Sampling Procedures All the DMT2 patients visiting the diabetes centre during this period will be identified using the convenient sampling method. Assuming that the prevalence of knowledge among Filipinos is 43% 7 and estimating the proportion within 95% confidence interval with 5% error, the sample size is 168( Raosoft Sample size formula). Data Collection: The data will be collected by giving out pretested predesigned questionnaire to participants with informed consent. Pre-testing of the questionnaire will be done prior to the research proper. Relevant information from the participants will be gathered including: age, gender, highest educational attainment, employment status, duration of diabetes, antidiabetic medications and co-morbidities. Questions pertaining to their knowledge, attitudes and practices will be given in order to assess their corresponding levels. The KAP questionnaire will be adapted from a Malaysian study by Shu Hui Ng et al 15, â€Å"Reality vs Illusion: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Diabetic Patients†. The questionnaire has been used in previous KAP studies among diabetics and has proven to be a reliable tool. The self-administered questionnaire had a total of 25 questions (knowledge-14, attitude-5, and practice-6). Each correct answer will be given a score of ‘one’ and the wrong answ er was given a score of ‘zero’. Good knowledge attitude and/or practice will be considered if a patient attains >50% of the total score for each domain. To assess the relationship between KAP towards DM and the actual disease control, most recent(4 +/- 2 weeks) levels of HbA1c will be obtained from the patient records. HbA1C > 7% is considered to have poor control of DM. A. Independent Variables Independent Variables include: sex, age, educational attainment, current employment status, co-morbidities, latest hba1c result. B. Dependent Variables Dependent Variables include: levels of knowledge, attitude and practices Data Handling and Analysis: The principal investigator will ensure that all data collected in the study were of utmost confidential nature. Data analysis will be performed to ensure quality results using frequency, percentage, and statistical analysis. The chi-square test will be used to determine the relationship between KAP and t-test to assess the association between KAP and diabetes control. Spearman correlation test will be used to determine the association between knowledge and attitude, and between knowledge and practice. The level of statistical significance will be set at p

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Plasmodium Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedic

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Plasmodium Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan parasite and transported by the Anopheles mosquito. Fever is the most common symptom of malaria. Other symptoms include arthralgia and vomiting. The most common diagnosis process for this disease is looking at the patient’s blood under a microscope. If microscopy is not available, antigen detection tests can be used. In a year, there can be as many as five hundred million new cases of malaria, and of those five hundred million, 2.7 million die. That means, on average, a malaria-caused death happens once every twelve seconds. Malaria â€Å"threatens more than 40 percent of the world's population.† (â€Å"NIDCD,† 2002) So what exactly is malaria? What are its symptoms and how would someone diagnose this disease? Malaria is a disease cause by a protozoan parasite. There are four species of these one-celled organisms that cause malaria in humans. They are known as Plasmodium; the most common is Plasmodium falciparum. To get inside our system, Anopheles mosquitoes are needed to transport this killer parasite. Fig. 1 (â€Å"NIDCD† 2002) Symptoms occur about ten to sixteen days after the mosquito bite. (â€Å"Malaria, 2002) Fever and classic flu symptoms begin. Symptoms sometimes follow a pattern of days where the attacks vanish and reoccur again. The period of time when the symptoms come and goes depends on the species of protozoa. For the parasites P. vivax and P. ovale, symptoms come and go for two days, and P. malariae has a three day period. Shivering occurs as well as head and muscle aches. The person infected becomes lethargic. Arthralgia and vomiting are other common symptoms of malaria. Because the parasite is invading and killing red blood cells, malaria can res... ...Malaria. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from CDC Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/faq.htm#symptoms (2005, November 11). Malaria. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from Microbiology @ Leicester Web site: http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Malaria.html (2006). Malaria. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from institute for OneWorld Health Web site: http://www.oneworldhealth.org/diseases/malaria.php (2002, September). Malaria. Retrieved July 30, 2006, from US Department of Health and Human Services Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/medlineplus/leavemedplus.pl?theORG=%4E%49%41%49%44&theURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eniai d%2Enih%2Egov%2Fpublications%2Fmalaria%2Fpdf%2Fmalaria%2Epdf (2002). NIDCD. Retrieved July 30, 2006, from Fooling Anopheles: Scientists Aim to Wipe Out Malaria by Outsmarting a Mosquito's Sense of Smell Web site: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/staticresources/images/malaria.jpg

Value Chain Concept

Dollar General has taken many steps to deliver value to Its customers. The Dollar General stores compete on the basis of convenience with highly price sensitive consumers. The chain also strives for simplicity with both 10 basic-needs core SKIS categories and and even dollar price points. Simplicity, price, and convenience are of high value to a Dollar General consumer. Dollar General practices a low cost business model and each step the company makes contributes to he value delivered to the customer.Before major transformations in the last two decades, Dollar General stores had followed a pack-away strategy to store all unsold seasonal merchandise for the following year. Since most stores only consisted of about 6,900 square feet, small back rooms piled up quickly with inventory causing overflow in some stores. Focus of managers was on how to keep the rooms organized with Irrelevant product rather than operational activities that involved staff and the customers. Managers minds ere also clouded with how to get the seasonal SKU Into the hands of the customers.Dollar General was able to evaluate this strategy and notice that the focus on the back rooms and no room for extra Inventory could erode the value the customer receives from shopping in Dollar General. Dollar store could potentially lose space for its core category products that initially attract the consumers. In the video â€Å"Keeping the Supply Chain Moving,† a shoe store is featured in which the layout also suffered from a tiny back room. KEFIR) The owner was often unable to provide certain shoe styles to her customers due to inventory pile up in her back room.Value is lost. In recent years Dollar General put the consumer value In front of them and made structural changes that addressed the legacy Issues (Kaufman 8). These changes were accompanied with the decision to eliminate the pack-away policy. This enabled Dollar Generals to provide fresher and more relevant merchandise. The remodeling o f the strategy also contributed to effectiveness of the District Managers-They are no anger elbows deep in back room inventory with the store managers digging up Ski's.Now, District Managers are now able to increase in-store training and improve labor planning by simply avoiding the back room problem. Dollar General was able to protect the core SKIS value that it delivers to its consumers. By evaluating its back room policies and activities, it was able to identify the value lost with decrease in manager/employee productivity and potential to lose core SKU storage space.

Development of Moldova

Moldova is a land locked country that lies between Ukraine and Romania.   It gained independence in 1991 after an aborted coup against Russia.   It is ranked as the most poor country in Europe, attributable to the economic crisis that faced Russia in 1998.   This is because Moldova's foreign trade heavily relied on Russia and the crisis naturally had adverse effects on its economy.   The current president, Vladimir Voronin, has made attempts to bring the country closer to Russia in a bid to resuscitate the economy.Economic development is the effort to increase wealth of a country through empowering the citizens (Leornard, 2006).   It goes beyond economic growth and focuses on social and political sectors of the society.   This includes uplifting the standards of living of the people as well as enhancing democracy and freedom of the people.   Measures include economic growth, literacy rates, poverty rates, life expectancy among others.Moldova is able to attain the status of highly developed countries, in the next fifty years due to the changes that the current government is implementing, that facilitate reaching this level.Economic aspectFor development to be achieved, there has to be a systematic effort to increase the economic growth.   Moldova does not have major mineral resources and consequently relies on agriculture, due to the favorable climate.   It relies on Russia for nearly half of the exports and major import partners include Russia, Romania, Belarus and Ukraine.   Major imports are fuel, electricity, chemicals, textiles and machinery while exports are foodstuffs, textiles and tobacco.   It experiences unfavorable balance of trade and in 2007, it was recorded at $2.3 billion.   Moldova has high external debt that was estimated at $900 million in 2000, most of which came from the World Bank and the IMF.The GDP declined over the years due to the effect from Russia but is now slowly coming around.   Moldova's strategy to improv e the economy was to free prices and interest rates, land privatization and the removal of export restrictions.   Economic progress is gradually being achieved since indicators like the GDP are rising.   Inflation is reducing and the economy is growing due to the government's expenditure framework that stresses fiscal discipline as well as efficient resource use.Social aspect.Ten years ago, 75% of the population in Moldova was below the poverty line (Berglund, 2004).   Other social problems include human trafficking and influx of drugs such as opium, since Moldova is a route for drugs destined for Europe and US.   This has an adverse effect on the health of the people.   The government is slowly addressing these issues, for example by empowering the population through investment geared towards economic growth.   This is being done by reducing hurdles to business entry, by for example, reducing number of licenses required for trade.   This results in increase of disposa ble income to households.   The government is also constructing infrastructure like roads, schools and hospitals to improve the standards of living of the people.Political aspectMoldovan political parties lack internal democracy and accountability.   Opposition parties do not take part in formulation of policies due to parliament's attitude of ignoring alternative opinions.   In 2005, Freedom House gave Moldova a score of 5.75, in terms of democracy, which is a poor show.   Political parties do not also hold dialog with civil societies.   The government is slowly increasing the democratic space.   It has also dedicated time to solve the Transnistrian conflict which will increase political development.ChallengesPrivatization of state owned corporations is marred by corruption. There is political and economic uncertainty and ineffective law enforcement.   Over reliance of Russia in trade is also a challenge.   Ban on Moldovan wine and agricultural products by Russia in 2006 adversely affected its revenue, since wine accounted for a third of its exports, of which 80% went to Russia (Leornard, 2006).   In 2007, Moldova faced drought that led to losses in the agricultural sector amounting to over $100 million.   There is financial challenge due to external debt and uncertainty towards future assistance.   Finally, there is a challenge of involving poor people in activities of Non-Governmental Organizations.RecommendationsMoldova should reduce reliance on Russia for trade since in the past, any adverse policy changes by Russia have greatly affected Moldovan economy.   It should also reduce the reliance on agriculture and diversify in other sectors of the economy, since climate change tends to greatly affect the economy.   Support for medium and small size enterprises would facilitate increase the employment opportunities in the country.   There should be motivation for development for example rewards, to encourage innovation.   Use of r enewable energy sources like wind would reduce reliance on electricity.Moldova should   ensure that the civil society participates in the formation of policies at all levels so as to integrate the views of the citizens.   It should put in place reforms that strengthen civil control over the military.   It should design legal frameworks that define rights and tasks of parliamentary, civilian and public control mechanisms.ConclusionMoldova is on track in achieving development in the next few decades.   All it has to do is reduce reliance on Russia and look for alternative markets.   It should also strengthen democracy and improve the standards of living of the people.   A stable political environment coupled with infrastructure to attract investments, efficient use of the available resources as well as having effective monetary and fiscal policies should enable Moldova achieve development before the next fifty hours are over. References Leonard, T. M. (2006), Encyclopedia of the developing world. Washington: Routledge. Berglund, S. (2004), The handbook of political change in eastern Europe. New York: Edward